WideToe

Gaelic Football

2005-04-05T20:14:00.000-07:00

In the modern game, sides are limited

Ha-mi

2005-04-04T15:15:00.000-07:00

Pinyin Hami , Uighur Qomul city and oasis in eastern Uighur autonomous ch'ü (region) of Sinkiang, China. An important stage on the roads from Kansu province into Central Asia and to the west, Ha-mi was known to the Chinese in early times as I-wu, the name Ha-mi being the Chinese rendering of the Mongolian version (Khamil) of the Uighur name for the city. The Chinese occupied the oasis in early times, when

Aerospace Industry, Mergers and divestitures

2005-04-04T10:08:00.000-07:00

With a decline in defense funding and a narrowing of commercial markets in the decades following World War II, the number of business opportunities shrank, and competition for each project became more intense. In response, aerospace companies sought mergers as a way to integrate strengths, to combine talent and other resources, and to reduce costs by eliminating

Strachey, (giles) Lytton

2005-04-03T01:41:00.000-08:00

English biographer and critic who opened a new era of biographical writing at the close of World War I. Adopting an irreverent attitude to the past and especially to the monumental life-and-letters volumes of Victorian biography, Strachey proposed to write lives with “a brevity which excludes everything

Beryl

2005-04-02T14:04:00.000-08:00

Mineral composed of beryllium aluminum silicate, Be3Al2(SiO3)6, a commercial source of beryllium. It has long been of interest because several varieties are valued as gemstones. These are aquamarine (pale blue-green); emerald (deep green); heliodor (golden yellow); and morganite (pink). Beryl is a minor constituent of many granitic rocks and associated pegmatite dikes, in gneisses,

Kamarhati

2005-04-02T08:22:00.000-08:00

City, east-central West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just east of the Hooghly River and is part of the Calcutta urban agglomeration. The city's major industries include jute and cotton milling, leather tanning, and the manufacture of rubber goods, cement, pottery, and paint. It contains a group of temples, called Rani Rasmani's Nabaratna, that are dedicated to

Mysticism, Other definitions and experiences of mysticism

2005-04-01T13:33:00.000-08:00

Such undifferentiated unity or union between the individual and the supreme self is unacceptable to certain traditions and temperaments. The Jewish philosopher Martin Buber emphasized an “I–Thou” relationship: “All real living is meeting,” and one Thou cannot become It. But even his own “unforgettable experience” of union he would explain as “illusory.” With a wider

Saint Andrews

2005-03-31T16:20:00.000-08:00

City, royal burgh (1160), university town, golfing mecca, and former fishing port in Fife council area and historic county, Scotland. Located on St. Andrews Bay of the North Sea 13 miles (20 km) southeast of Dundee, it occupies a plateau of sandstone rock about 50 feet (15 metres) in elevation, which breaks off to the north in precipitous cliffs. The Eden River enters St. Andrews Bay northwest

Wolf Creek Crater

2005-03-31T09:30:00.000-08:00

Huge meteorite crater 65 miles (105 km) south of Halls Creek, Western Australia. The crater is on the edge of a little-explored desert and was first sighted from an airplane in 1937. It is 2,799 feet (853 m) in diameter and 151 feet (46 m) deep, with a rim standing 60–100 feet (18–30 m) above ground level. Only decayed meteoritic fragments have been found. It is considered an explosion crater because of its size. The crater

Lopes, Baltasar

2005-03-30T15:59:00.000-08:00

Lopes was educated at the University of Lisbon, where he took a degree in law and in Romance philology. He then returned to Cape Verde and became a high-school teacher and later

Ku Yen-wu

2005-03-30T03:04:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Gu Yanwu one of the most famous of the Ming dynasty loyalists, whose rationalist critiques of the useless book learning and metaphysical speculations of the neo-Confucian philosophy (that had been the underpinning of the Chinese empire for almost 1,000 years) started a new trend in scholarship during the Ch'ing

France, History Of, The Civil Code

2005-03-29T00:54:00.000-08:00

The Napoleonic Civil Code, however, had a far greater impact on postrevolutionary society than did the social innovations. This ambitious work of legal codification, perhaps the crowning glory of the Council of State, consolidated certain basic principles established in 1789: civil equality and equality before the law; the abolition of feudalism in favour of modern

Catalyst Poison

2005-03-28T08:38:00.000-08:00

Substance that reduces the effectiveness of a catalyst in a chemical reaction. In theory, because catalysts are not consumed in chemical reactions, they can be used repeatedly over an indefinite period of time. In practice, however, poisons, which come from the reacting substances or products of the reaction itself, accumulate on the surface of solid catalysts and

Azhari, Isma'il Al-

2005-03-27T15:27:00.000-08:00

Educated at Gordon Memorial College at Khartoum and at the American University of Beirut, al-Azhari became president of the Graduates' General Congress in 1940. At first concerned primarily with educational and social reforms, the

Lake, Simon

2005-03-27T06:45:00.000-08:00

Lake's first experimental submarine, the “Argonaut, Jr.,” built in 1894, had a wooden hull and was about 14 feet (4 metres) long. It travelled the sea bottom on wheels turned by hand. The “Argonaut,” built in 1897, was 36 feet (11 metres) long and was powered by

Salatiga

2005-03-26T03:42:00.000-08:00

Kotamadya (municipality), Jawa Tengah provinsi (“province”), Java, Indonesia. The city lies 35 miles (56 km) north-northeast of Yogyakarta, at the foot of Mount Merbabu. At an elevation of 1,916 feet (584 m), it is a well laid out city that stands in the midst of fruit- and vegetable-growing highlands. The nearby hills are covered with plantations of rubber and coffee, and rice fields stretch before

Bélain, Pierre, Sieur D'esnambuc

2005-03-25T17:02:00.000-08:00

Born in Normandy, Bélain founded (1625 or 1627) a short-lived French colony on St. Kitts, which was then occupied by the British. He landed on the site of Saint-Pierre, Martinique, on Sept.

Indonesian Languages

2005-03-25T05:48:00.000-08:00

Broadly, the Austronesian languages of island Southeast Asia as a whole, including the languages of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, and Taiwan, and the outlying areas of Madagascar and of Palau and the Mariana Islands of western Micronesia. A more restricted core area includes only the languages of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. The term has been used

Azerbaijan, Flag Of

2005-03-23T20:07:00.000-08:00

Prior to the Russian Revolution, when Azerbaijan was part of the tsar's domain, the leading Azerbaijani nationalist, 'Ali bay Huseynzada, exhorted his followers to “Turkify, Islamicize, Europeanize” in order to emphasize ethnic pride, religious devotion, and modernization. The colours associated with those principles were light blue (a traditional Turkish flag colour),

Argentina, The branches of government

2005-03-23T15:40:00.000-08:00

Executive power resides in the office of the president, who is elected with a vice president to a four-year term (only two terms can be consecutive). The president is commander in chief of the armed forces and appoints all civil, military, and federal judicial officers, as well as the chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, the body that oversees the general administration

Sibling Rivalry

2005-03-23T15:03:00.000-08:00

Intense competition among siblings for recognition and the attention of their parents. Sibling rivalry normally begins when a baby is introduced to a family and the older sibling fears the baby will replace him or her. The older child may become extremely jealous and display aggressive behaviour toward the baby or such regressive acts as bed-wetting or baby talk.

Bear Market

2005-03-23T00:20:00.000-08:00

In securities and commodities trading, a declining market. A bear is an investor who expects prices to decline and, on this assumption, sells a borrowed security or commodity in the hope of buying it back later at a lower price, a speculative transaction called selling short. The term bear may derive from the proverb about “selling the bearskin before one has caught

Aerospace Industry, Satellite, launch vehicle, and missile manufacture

2005-03-22T21:34:00.000-08:00

The manufacturing processes for aircraft are largely paralleled in the production of satellites, their launch vehicles, and missiles. Because minimum weight is critical for all three kinds of products, the use of composites has grown such that it can include the entire structure for satellites and smaller missiles. For these vehicles, electronics production

China, The foreign presence

2005-03-22T16:50:00.000-08:00

As a result of several wars and many treaties with China since 1842, foreign powers had acquired a variety of unusual privileges for their nationals. These were specified in the “unequal treaties,” which patriotic Chinese bitterly opposed. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and vast areas in Siberia and Central Asia had been detached from China. Dependencies such as Korea, Outer Mongolia,

Plotinus

2005-03-22T03:42:00.000-08:00

Ancient philosopher, the centre of an influential circle of intellectuals and men of letters in 3rd-century Rome, who is regarded by modern scholars as the founder of the Neoplatonic school of philosophy.

Bonaparte Family

2005-03-21T21:38:00.000-08:00

Italian Buonaparte, a family made famous by Napoleon I (q.v.), emperor of the French (1804–1814/15). The French form Bonaparte was not commonly used, even by Napoleon, until after the spring of 1796. The original name was Buonaparte, which was borne in the early Middle Ages by several distinct families in Italy. One of these, which settled at Florence before the year 1100, was divided in the 13th century into the two branches

Yacht

2005-03-20T15:31:00.000-08:00

In England by 1881 most of the important yacht clubs had become members of the Yacht Racing Association (founded 1875; from 1952 called the Royal Yachting Association). The organization made rules governing regatta sailing and later took on duties as a representative body for all British yachting, including dealing with port, harbour, and other governmental authorities. In the

William I

2005-03-20T08:59:00.000-08:00

Also called William Longsword, French Guillaume Longue-épée son of Rollo and second duke of Normandy (927–942). He sought continually to expand his territories either by conquest or by exacting new lands from the French king for the price of homage. In 939 he allied himself with Hugh the Great in the revolt against King Louis IV; through the mediation of the pope, the war ended, and Louis renewed William's investiture of Normandy

Crommelynck, Fernand

2005-03-20T07:12:00.000-08:00

Crommelynck, who was the child of a French mother and a Belgian father, came from a family connected with the theatre and was himself trained as an actor. After some early successes in Belgium, including such

Aldosterone

2005-03-19T14:22:00.000-08:00

Aldosterone is synthesized in the body from corticosterone, a steroid derived from cholesterol. Production of aldosterone (in adult humans,

Divination, Inductive divination

2005-03-18T21:03:00.000-08:00

To speculate that inductive divination from natural phenomena must be very old—i.e., that it arose from an early intimate acquaintance with nature—is tempting but inaccurate. In fact, there is little evidence that preliterate peoples viewed nature as a system, and this is particularly true in respect to astral observation. Divination from the skies is concerned

Indian Philosophy, The logical period

2005-03-18T08:46:00.000-08:00

The logical period of Indian thought began with the Kusanas (1st–2nd centuries). Gautama (author of the Nyaya-sutras; probably flourished at the beginning of the Christian Era) and his 5th-century commentator Vatsyayana established the foundations of the Nyaya as a school almost exclusively preoccupied with logical and epistemological issues. The Madhyamika (“Middle

Atheriniform

2005-03-17T08:04:00.000-08:00

Beryciforms and zeiforms are mostly deep-bodied fishes of small to moderate size, a foot or less in length. The lampridiforms include a few rare, deep-bodied forms, notably the disk-shaped opah, which may reach more than 136 kilograms (300 pounds) in weight, but the majority are much elongated, ribbonlike fishes, including the giant oarfish, Regalecus, which reaches eight metres

Earth Sciences, Hydrologic and atmospheric sciences

2005-03-17T01:51:00.000-08:00

The only substance known to the ancient philosophers in its solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is prominently featured in early theories about the origin and operations of the Earth. Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c. 545 BC) is credited with a belief that water is the essential substance of the Earth, and Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610–545 BC) held that water was probably the source of life. In

Mid Devon

2005-03-16T06:44:00.000-08:00

District, administrative and historic county of Devon, southwestern England, located between the bleak moorlands of Exmoor and Dartmoor. Mid Devon is a heavily dissected interior plateau 400 to 800 feet (120 to 245 metres) in elevation. It has variable soil types suited for grassland cultivation, except in the south-central area where the merging Exe, Culm, and Yeo river valleys

Locoweed

2005-03-15T11:08:00.000-08:00

Any of several species of poisonous plants of the genera Astragalus and Oxytropis, in the pea family (Fabaceae), native to the prairies of north central and western North America. Locoweeds pose a danger to livestock, horses, and other grazing animals, because they contain a toxin that affects muscle control, producing frenzied behaviour, impaired vision,

Durham

2005-03-15T08:30:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1881) of Durham county, north-central North Carolina, U.S. It is situated about 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Chapel Hill and 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Raleigh, the three cities forming one of the state's major urban areas—the Research Triangle. The first settlement (about 1750) in what is now Durham was called Prattsburg for William Pratt, a landowner. When Pratt refused to give land

Vitalian, Saint

2005-03-14T08:01:00.000-08:00

Consecrated as St. Eugenius I's successor on July 30, 657, Vitalian soon dealt peacefully with monothelitism, a heresy maintaining that Christ had only one will. In 648 the Byzantine emperor Constans II had issued his Typos, an edict forbidding discussion of the monothelite question and attempting to impose unity

Thomas, Isaiah

2005-03-14T07:12:00.000-08:00

At an early age Thomas was apprenticed to a printer, and by the age of 17 he was regarded an excellent printer himself. With a partner he founded the Massachusetts Spy in 1770, and he soon bought out

Hipparchus

2005-03-14T01:18:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Hipparchos Greek astronomer and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the advancement of astronomy as a mathematical science and to the foundations of trigonometry. Although he is commonly ranked among the greatest scientists of antiquity, very little is known about his life, and only one of his many writings

Latex

2005-03-13T13:06:00.000-08:00

The plant product is a complex mixture of substances, including various gum resins, fats, or waxes and, in some instances, poisonous

Ovenbird

2005-03-12T19:52:00.000-08:00

Any of several species of small birds, named for building a domed nest with a side entrance, especially Seiurus aurocapillus, a wood warbler (family Parulidae, order Passeriformes) of North America east of the Rockies; it winters south to Colombia. Brownish-olive above, with a streaked breast, white eye ring, and black-edged orange crown, the bird looks like a small thrush.

Tasmania, Climate

2005-03-12T13:30:00.000-08:00

Tasmania, located in the mid-latitude westerly wind belt and dominated by southern maritime air masses, enjoys a moist, equable climate, with mild to warm summers, mild winters in most settled areas, and rain during all seasons. Yet the occasional incursion, in summer, of tropical continental air masses and, in spring and autumn, of tropical Tasman air masses along the

Hughes, Sir Samuel

2005-03-12T11:15:00.000-08:00

Hughes was a teacher and a member of the voluntary militia. In 1885–97 he was proprietor and editor of the Warder, a newspaper in Lindsay.

Aleijadinho

2005-03-11T00:27:00.000-08:00

Aleijadinho was born deformed (his sobriquet means “Little Cripple”). He eventually lost the use of his hands and finally became blind,

France, History Of

2005-03-10T18:58:00.000-08:00

The year 1789 is the great dividing line in the history of modern France. The fall of the Bastille, the French state prison, on July 14, 1789, symbolizes for that nation, as well as for all other nations, the end of the premodern era characterized by an organicist and religiously sanctioned traditionalism. With the French Revolution began the institutionalization of secularized

Dowry

2005-03-09T15:30:00.000-08:00

One of the basic functions of a dowry has been to serve as a form of protection for the wife against ill treatment by her husband. A dowry used in this way was actually a conditional gift to the husband that would be

Roxburghshire

2005-03-09T15:10:00.000-08:00

Numerous archaeological remains in the area

Amino Acid

2005-03-09T09:45:00.000-08:00

The only exceptions to this basic structure are proline and hydroxyproline, in which the primary amino group is replaced by a secondary amino group present

Metallic Bond

2005-03-08T21:13:00.000-08:00

Force that holds atoms together in a metallic substance. Such a solid consists of closely packed atoms. In most cases, the outermost electron shell of each of the metal atoms overlaps with a large number of neighbouring atoms. As a consequence, the valence electrons continually move from one atom to another and are not associated with any specific pair of atoms. In

Termite

2005-03-08T21:00:00.000-08:00

Any of the cellulose-eating social insects that constitute the order Isoptera. Although they are referred to popularly as white ants, they are not closely related to ants, which are grouped with bees and wasps in a higher order of insects, the Hymenoptera. The social system of termites shows remarkable parallels with those of the Hymenoptera,

Roux, Jacques

2005-03-08T20:02:00.000-08:00

At the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, Roux was a vicar of a parish in Paris. Soon he began preaching the ideals of popular democracy to crowds of Parisian sansculottes (wage earners and shopkeepers). In 1791 he was elected

Baciccia

2005-03-06T04:44:00.000-08:00

At Genoa, Baciccia was a student of Luciano Borzone, but he was also influenced by the works of Sir Anthony Van Dyck and Bernardo Strozzi. He moved to Rome about 1660, visiting Parma (1669) to study the frescoes of Correggio. His chief influence was Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who befriended him

Belgium, History Of

2005-03-06T04:32:00.000-08:00

After the Burgundian regime in the Low Countries (1363–1477), the southern as well as the northern provinces had dynastic links with the Austrian Habsburgs, then with Spain and the Austrian Habsburgs together. Later, as a consequence of revolt in

Lur

2005-03-05T17:31:00.000-08:00

Also spelled lure bronze horn, or trumpet, found in prehistoric Scandinavian excavations. It has a conical bore that extends in length from roughly 5 to 8 feet (1.5 to 2.5 metres) in a bent S-shape (somewhat resembling a mammoth tusk) and ends in an embossed metal disk. The mouthpiece of the lur is permanently affixed. Lurs are usually found in pairs and were probably played ritually.

Palacio Valdés, Armando

2005-03-03T22:06:00.000-08:00

After studying law at the University of Madrid, Palacio Valdés began his literary career as a critic but soon turned to the novel. His novels are largely autobiographical,

Atom, The existence of antiparticles

2005-03-03T19:05:00.000-08:00

The English physicist P.A.M. Dirac introduced a new equation for the electron in 1928. The Schrödinger equation does not satisfy the principles of relativity, and so it can be used to describe only those phenomena in which the particles move much more slowly than the velocity of light. In order to satisfy the conditions of relativity, Dirac was forced to postulate not one

Tasmania, Relief

2005-03-03T05:53:00.000-08:00

Tasmania is essentially a mountainous island. In the west, where the highest peak on the island, Mount Ossa, reaches 5,305 feet (1,617 metres), the landscape comprises several parallel northwest-southeast ridges and valleys; eastward lies a series of plateaus at various altitudes; the highest point is Ben Lomond in the northeast, which rises to 5,160 feet at Legges Tor. But the dominant

Annelid, Critical appraisal

2005-03-02T03:46:00.000-08:00

Most authors accept the annelids as having three major classes: Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea. Older systems would place the polychaetes and oligochaetes under the class Chaetopoda because both groups possess setae. Other systems would join the oligochaetes and leeches in a single class, called the Clitellata, because both groups possess a clitellum

Printmaking, France

2005-03-01T15:47:00.000-08:00

Most 18th-century French etchings were drawings transferred to copper, in which the effects of pencil, pen, or chalk were imitated. Although some distinguished painters, such as Antoine Watteau, made etchings, no prints of importance were produced. Jean-Honoré Fragonard made a few lovely etchings reminiscent of Tiepolo. They have a luminous, transparent quality and

Epirus

2005-03-01T09:00:00.000-08:00

Modern Greek Ípiros, coastal region of northwestern Greece and southern Albania. It extends from Valona Bay (Gji i Vlorës) in Albania (northwest) to the Gulf of Arta (southeast); its hinterland extends eastward to the watershed of the Pindus Mountains. The nomoi (departments) of Árta, Ioánnina, Préveza (qq.v.), and Thesprotía make up the Greek part of Epirus. The Pindus Mountains separate Epirus

Aholehole

2005-03-01T04:08:00.000-08:00

Any of several species of fishes constituting the family Kuhliidae (order Perciformes). Various members of the genus Kuhlia inhabit marine or fresh waters in the Indo-Pacific region, whereas representatives of the other two genera are restricted to freshwater or brackish habitats of Australia. Superficially the aholeholes resemble the freshwater sunfishes

Aung San

2005-02-28T17:32:00.000-08:00

Born

Great Barrington

2005-02-27T07:05:00.000-08:00

Town (township), Berkshire county, southwestern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Housatonic River, in the Berkshire Hills, 19 miles (31 km) south of Pittsfield, and includes the communities of Great Barrington and Housatonic. Settled in 1726, the site was set off from Sheffield and incorporated in 1761. It was probably named for the 2nd Viscount Barrington, a nephew of the Massachusetts

Race, South Africa

2005-02-27T04:51:00.000-08:00

Although race categories and racial ideology are both arbitrary and subjective, race was a convenient way to organize people within structures of presumed permanent inequality. South Africa's policy of apartheid exhibited the same basic racial ideology as the North American system but differed in two respects: the systematic state classification of races

Earth, Intraplate activity

2005-02-27T03:10:00.000-08:00

Although most tectonic activity takes place along plate boundaries, some occurs within plates. Much of this intraplate activity occurs along aulacogens and plume traces. An aulacogen can be defined as a failed third arm of a spreading ridge. Aulacogens commonly intersect a divergent plate margin at an angle of about 120°, and they form just as two continents begin to

Biblical Literature, Types of manuscript errors

2005-02-26T07:23:00.000-08:00

Since scribes either copied manuscripts or wrote from dictation, manuscript variants could be of several types: copying, hearing, accidental, or intentional. Errors in copying were common, particularly with uncial letters that looked alike. In early manuscripts OC (for hos, “[he] who”), for example, might easily be mistaken for the traditional abbreviation of God: QC (for

Ambush Bug

2005-02-26T00:41:00.000-08:00

Any member of the insect family Phymatidae (order Heteroptera), which contains about 200 species, generally in the tropical Americas and Asia. As its common name indicates, the ambush bug hides on a flower or plant; when prey approaches closely enough, the ambush bug grasps it with its front legs. The upper section (tibia) of each foreleg has teethlike structures that mesh

Anastasius Ii

2005-02-25T22:25:00.000-08:00

In notifying the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I of his accession, Anastasius expressed a conciliatory attitude toward the late patriarch Acacius of Constantinople, who had been deposed and excommunicated in 484 by Pope St. Felix III. The Acacian Schism resulted from this act. The pope's reception of the Byzantine deacon Photinus,

Dominance Hierarchy

2005-02-25T08:42:00.000-08:00

In most cases

Ciskei

2005-02-24T17:37:00.000-08:00

Also called Xhosa-ciskei, or Xosa-ciskei, former republic (though never internationally recognized as such) that was inhabited principally by Xhosa-speaking people in southern Africa. It bordered the Indian Ocean on the southeast and was bounded by the Republic of South Africa on the southwest, northwest, and northeast. A fingerlike extension of South African territory on the northeast separated Ciskei

Hungary, The Kádár regime

2005-02-23T19:40:00.000-08:00

In the first uncertain weeks of his regime Kádár made many promises. Workers' councils were to be given a large amount of control in the factories and mines. Compulsory deliveries of farm produce were to be abolished, and no compulsion, direct or indirect, was to be put on the peasants to enter the collectives. The five-year plan was to be revised to permit more production

Pauraque

2005-02-23T14:40:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Parauque, also called Cuejo (Nyctidromus albicollis), nocturnal bird of brushlands from southern Texas to northern Argentina. It is a relative of the nightjar (q.v.), belonging to the family Caprimulgidae. The pauraque is about 30 cm (about 12 inches) long, with rounded wings and a longish tail. It is mottled brown with a bold white bar on each wing; in the male the outer tail feathers are white.

Ashmore And Cartier Islands

2005-02-23T13:01:00.000-08:00

Officially Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands external territory of Australia, in the Indian Ocean. The islands lie 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Western Australia. The Ashmore Islands, comprising Middle, East, and West islands, are coral islets within a reef. Cartier Island, also lying within a reef, is more sandy in composition. Created in 1934, the territory was administratively linked to the Northern Territory of Australia

United States, Madison as president and the War of 1812

2005-02-22T13:10:00.000-08:00

In historical retrospect, the most important aspect of the peace settlement was an agreement to set up a boundary commission for the Canadian border, which could thenceforth be left unguarded. It was not the end of Anglo-American hostility, but the agreement marked the advent of an era of mutual trust. The conclusion of the War of 1812, which has sometimes been called the Second War of American Independence, marked a historical cycle. It resulted in a pacification of the old feelings of pain and resentment against Great Britain and her people—still for many Americans a kind of paternal relationship. And, by freeing them of anxieties on this front, it also freed Americans to look to the west.

Marsalis Family

2005-02-21T22:56:00.000-08:00

Ellis Marsalis

Lithuania

2005-02-21T10:09:00.000-08:00

Adapting his administrative

Wu-ch'ang

2005-02-21T09:21:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Wuchang industrial city and capital of Hupeh sheng (province), central China. Located on the south bank of the Yangtze River, it is the oldest city of the Wu-han conurbation (Han-kou, Han-yang, Wu-ch'ang). It is the oldest of the Wu-han cities and served as a capital under the Wu dynasty in the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220–280) and is the administrative and cultural centre of the Wu-han cities. Northeast

Taraori, Battles Of

2005-02-20T18:41:00.000-08:00

Muhammad had taken Lahore from the last of the

Forsterite-fayalite Series

2005-02-20T06:35:00.000-08:00

These minerals are common

Latin America, History Of

2005-02-19T21:23:00.000-08:00

Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the islands

Lustred Glass

2005-02-19T04:03:00.000-08:00

Art glass in the Art Nouveau style. It is a delicately iridescent glass with rich colours. Lustred glass was first produced in the United States by Louis Comfort Tiffany during the late 1800s for use as windowpanes. The intention of the inventor of Tiffany lustred glass, Arthur J. Nash, was to recreate artificially the natural iridescent sheen produced by the corrosion

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, Plant and animal life

2005-02-18T13:00:00.000-08:00

Because of the great expanses of desert, the plant life of much of Sinkiang is monotonous. There are pine forests in the Tien Shan and tugrak woods in many places on the edge of the Takla Makan Desert. Apart from these trees, the most common are varieties of poplar and willow. In the Tien Shan and other mountains there is a great assortment of wild plants and flowers, many

Economic Affairs

2005-02-18T05:43:00.000-08:00

For the American

Gaeta

2005-02-17T08:49:00.000-08:00

Latin Caieta town, seaport, and archiepiscopal see, Latina province, Lazio region, south-central Italy, on the Gulf of Gaeta, northwest of Naples. Gaeta first came under the influence of the Romans in the 4th century BC; a road was built c. 184 BC connecting the town with the port, and it became a favoured Roman resort. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Gaeta remained loyal to the Byzantine

Brederode, Hendrik Van

2005-02-16T17:47:00.000-08:00

The scion of an ancient Dutch family, which from 1418 had held the lordship of Vianen south of Utrecht, Brederode became known as a spirited soldier and succeeded

Bürgi, Joost

2005-02-16T15:27:00.000-08:00

Bürgi served as court watchmaker to Duke Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel from 1579 to 1592 and worked in the royal observatory at Kassel, where he developed geometrical and astronomical instruments. Word of his exceptional instruments

Sanger, Frederick

2005-02-16T10:35:00.000-08:00

English biochemist who was twice the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. He was awarded the prize in 1958 for his determination of the structure of the insulin molecule. He shared the prize (with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert of the United States) in 1980 for his determination of the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of a virus. Sanger

Jacob Joseph Of Polonnoye

2005-02-15T19:02:00.000-08:00

Jacob Joseph was a rabbi in the large Jewish community at Shargorod, in Podolia; after he came under the influence of the Ba'al Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidism, he was expelled (c. 1748) from Shargorod. He was subsequently rabbi of Rashkov, Nemirov, and ultimately Polonnoye, where he remained

Biblical Literature, Numbers

2005-02-14T05:54:00.000-08:00

In the Hebrew Bible this book is entitled Bemidbar (In the Wilderness) after one of its opening words, while in English versions it is called Numbers, a translation of the Greek Septuagint title Arithmoi. Each of the titles gives an indication of the content of the book: (1) the narrative of “40 Years” of wanderings in the wilderness, or desert, between Sinai and Canaan; and (2) the

Ars Nova

2005-02-13T22:34:00.000-08:00

(Medieval Latin: “New Art”), in music history, period of the tremendous flowering of music in the 14th century, particularly in France. The designation Ars Nova, as opposed to the Ars Antiqua (q.v.) of 13th-century France, was the title of a treatise written about 1320 by the composer Philippe de Vitry. Philippe, the most enthusiastic proponent of the “New Art,” demonstrates in his treatise

Luther, Hans

2005-02-13T18:08:00.000-08:00

After studying law at Berlin, Kiel, and Geneva, Luther joined the local civil service in Berlin. From 1907 to 1913 he was stationed at Magdeburg. In 1913 he was elected secretary to the German Stä

Tibet, Tibet under Manchu overlordship

2005-02-13T14:32:00.000-08:00

The Dalai Lama's death in 1682 and the discovery of his five-year-old reincarnation in 1688 were concealed by Sangs-rgyas rgya-mtsho, who was intent on continuing the administration without disturbance. He informed the Manchu only in 1696. Emperor K'ang-hsi (reigned 1661–1722) was incensed at the deception. In 1703 he discovered an ally in Tibet and an antagonist to Sangs-rgyas rgya-mtsho when Lha-bzang

Cincinnati Zoo And Botanical Garden

2005-02-12T23:25:00.000-08:00

Zoological park owned by the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S., and administered in conjunction with the Zoological Society of Cincinnati. It maintains one of the largest animal collections in the United States, with more than 17,000 specimens representing in excess of 750 species. Often called the “gorilla capital of the world,” the zoo held the record for the most births of lowland

Cloisonnism

2005-02-12T21:36:00.000-08:00

Painting method used in the style known as Synthetism (q.v.).

Gabon

2005-02-12T02:42:00.000-08:00

After the violent protests that nearly paralyzed the government in 1994, 1995 proved to be one of compromise

Schaffhausen

2005-02-12T01:41:00.000-08:00

French Schaffhouse, most northerly canton of Switzerland. It lies north of the Rhine River and west of Lake Constance (Bodensee) and has an area of 115 square miles (299 square km), of which about 90 percent is classed as productive. It is virtually surrounded on the north, east, and west by Germany, portions of which divide the canton into three detached parts: a large region including the capital city

Carlota

2005-02-10T09:51:00.000-08:00

The only daughter of Leopold I, king of the Belgians, and Princess Louise of Orléans, Carlota married at age 17 the archduke Maximilian, brother of the emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. They lived as the Austrian regents in Milan until 1859, when Austria lost control of Lombardy. In 1864 she accompanied

Goa

2005-02-10T07:39:00.000-08:00

Goa, with a coastline of 65 miles, is hilly and includes a portion of the Western Ghats rising to nearly 4,000 feet. The two largest rivers are the Mandavi and Zuari, between the mouths of which lies the island of Goa (Ilhas). The island is triangular, the apex (called the cape) being a rocky headland separating the harbour of Goa into two anchorages. There are three principal cities in

Yupik

2005-02-10T06:34:00.000-08:00

Also called Asiatic, or Asian, Eskimo, Western Eskimo group of Siberian Asia and of Saint Lawrence Island and the Diomede Islands in the Bering Sea and Strait. They are culturally related to the Chukchi. The traditional economic activity of the Yupik-speaking Eskimo was the hunting of sea mammals, especially seals, walrus, and, until the latter half of the 19th century, whales. Trade with the Russians developed